Jus cogens: Recent Developments in International Law

Security Council Compendium (No. 9)

Security Council Compendium, a juscogens.net feature, provides a comprehensive, concise summary of the work of the United Nations Security Council in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Security Council Resolutions

S/RES/1703 The situation in Timor Leste (18 August 2024)

Synopsis of Resolution 1703: Resolution 1703 extends the mandate of the United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL) until 25 August 2006.

Resolution 1703 Resources:

• UNOTIL Official Website

S/RES/1704 The situation in Timor Leste (25 August 2024)

Synopsis of Resolution 1704: With Resolution 1704 and the expiration of the UNOTIL mandate (see Resolution 1703), the Security Council "decides to establish a follow-on mission in Timor-Leste, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), for an initial period of six months, with the intention to renew for further periods, and further decides that UNMIT will consist of an appropriate civilian component, including up to 1,608 police personnel, and an initial component of up to 34 military liaison and staff officers." The mandate of UNMIT includes:

• "To support the Government and relevant institutions, with a view to consolidating stability, enhancing a culture of democratic governance, and facilitating political dialogue among Timorese stakeholders;"
• "To support Timor-Leste in all aspects of the 2007 presidential and parliamentary electoral process, including through technical and logistical support, electoral policy advice and verification or other means;"
• "To ensure, through the presence of United Nations police, the restoration and maintenance of public security in Timor-Leste through the provision of support to the Timorese national police (PNTL)";
• "to liaise on security tasks and to establish a continuous presence in three border districts alongside armed United Nations police officers assigned to district police stations"; and,
• "To assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in conducting a comprehensive review of the future role and needs of the security sector";

Resolution 1704 also instructs the Secretary-General and the Government of Timor-Leste to conclude a status-of-forces agreement within 30 days of adoption of Resolution 1704. Interestingly, pending the conclusion of such an agreement, "the agreement between the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste and the United Nations Concerning the Status of the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) dated 20 May 2024 shall apply provisionally, mutatis mutandis, in respect of UNMIT."

Resolution 1704 Resources:

• UNOTIL Official Website
  

Security Council Meetings

S/PV.5514 (18 August 2024) Timor-Leste [S/RES/1703; Vote 15-0-0]

S/PV.5515 (22 August 2024) Middle East situation, including the Palestinian question [no action]

S/PV.5516 (25 August 2024) Timor-Leste [S/RES/1704; Vote 15-0-0]

S/PV.5517 (closed) (28 August 2024) Sudan [Communiqué]

Statements By Security Council President (held by Ghana August 2006)

None issued.

Statements to Press By Security Council President

SC/8814 (22 August 2024) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

SC/8818 (25 August 2024) BURUNDI

SC/8820 (29 August 2024) CYPRUS

Security Council President and Secretary-General Letters

S/2006/665 (17 August 2024) Letter dated 17 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Darfur, Sudan)

S/2006/675 (21 August 2024) Letter dated 21 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Israel/Lebanon - cessation of hostilities)

Reports of the Secretary-General

S/2006/662 (17 August 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Sudan

S/2006/670 (18 August 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) - Lebanon

Security Council Monthly Programme of Work (August 2006)

2006 Archived Webcasts of Security Council Meetings

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance (No. 13)

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance, a juscogens.net feature, aims to provide timely notice of recent happenings and trial developments in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Cases currently being heard/under deliberation:

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)

• Case Resources

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)

• Case Resources

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Overview of Court Proceedings

Overview of Court Documents

Court Schedule

ICTY Weekly Press Briefing (23 August 2024)

Vojislav Seselj Assigned Counsel by Trial Chamber (21 August 2024)

From the ICTY: "The Trial Chamber in the case against accused Vojislav Seselj decided today to assign him defence counsel for the further conduct of his case. In coming to its decision, the Trial Chamber described numerous instances where Vojislav Seselj behaved in an obstructionist, disruptive and disrespectful manner, and intimidated and made slanderous comments about witnesses. The Trial Chamber ordered that Vojislav Seselj will participate in the proceedings against him through his defence counsel only. It will consider permitting his personal involvement on a case-by-case basis if it is in the interests of justice. In its decision, the Trial Chamber carefully reviewed international jurisprudence on the question of an accused’s right to defend himself. It cited jurisprudence that this right can be restricted in the interests of justice if the accused fails to cooperate in good faith with the court, or is willfully disruptive and disrespectful. The Trial Chamber reviewed Vojislav Seselj’s behaviour in court during pre-trial proceedings, some of his statements and publications prior to his arrival in The Hague, and more than 191 of his submissions to the Tribunal. The Trial Chamber found that from the very beginning of the pre-trial proceedings in his case, Vojislav Seselj has: raised irrelevant matters, used offensive and insulting language in his submissions and against court room participants and others, released confidential documents and information to unauthorized persons, and behaved in a manner that is intimidating to potential witnesses. The Trial Chamber expressed its concern that because of his on-going disruptive behaviour and unwillingness to follow the Tribunal’s rules, Vojislav Seselj is undermining his intention to present his defence. The Trial Chamber noted that he had been warned on numerous occasions that that his behaviour was obstructionist and demonstrated a need for legal assistance."

• Prosecutor v. Vojislav Seselj , Case No. IT-03-67-PT, Decision on Assignment of Counsel, 21 August 2024
  

Josip Jovic Contempt Case Judgement 30 August 2024 (23 August 2024)

From the ICTY: "The judgement in the Josip Jović contempt of court case will be delivered on 30 August 2024 at 9:00 in Courtroom I. Jović, a former editor of the Croatian daily newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, is accused of disclosing the identity and testimony of a witness that judges had ordered be protected from the public, as well as violating a court order that specifically instructed him to desist from further publication of the testimony of the witness. Specifically, the prosecution alleges that between 27 November and 29 December 2023 he published the identity of the witness, as well as publishing extracts of the testimony of the witness even after the court ordered him on 1 December 2023 from doing so. In October 2005, Jović was arrested by Croatian authorities and transferred to the Tribunal after he failed to respond to a court order requiring him to travel to The Hague to enter a plea to the charge against him. He entered a “not guilty” plea on 14 October 2023 and was released. The trial was initially scheduled for 3 July 2006. The accused did not appear in court and the trial was therefore postponed and held on 11 July 2006. The prosecution submitted evidence and called no witnesses. The defence examined one witness, the accused himself."

• Indictment Against Jovic

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Daily Journal

Daily Case Minutes

Judicial Calendar

ICTR Newsletter (June/July 2006)

Latest Decisions

• THE PROSECUTOR v. MICHEL BAGARAGAZA, Case No.: ICTR-2005-86-I, ORDER FOR THE CONTINUED DETENTION OF MICHEL BAGARAGAZA AT THE ICTY DETENTION UNIT IN THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS, 17 August 2024
• THE PROSECUTOR v. Vincent RUTAGANIRA, Case No. ICTR-95-IC-A, DECISION ON APPEAL OF A DECISION OF THE PRESIDENT ON EARLY RELEASE, 24 August 2024

Prisoner Joseph Serugendo Dies (22 August 2024)

The Registrar of the ICTR announced "the death of Joseph Serugendo a convicted person who was a former member of the governing board of the Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) and of the National Committee of the Interahamwe za MRND....On 2 June 2006, Serugendo was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment by Trial Chamber I of the ICTR. In his guilty plea, Serugendo admitted to having provided technical assistance and moral support to the RTLM in order to ensure its ability to continuously disseminate an anti-Tutsi message both prior to and during the genocide. He further acknowledged having used his influence within the MRND and Interahamwe to incite others to kill or cause serious harm to members of the Tutsi population, with the aim of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group. In sentencing him, the Chamber took into account not only the gravity of these crimes, but also Serugendo’s guilty plea and his substantial cooperation with the Prosecution. The Chamber noted that he expressed genuine remorse and a desire to help establish the truth regarding the events in Rwanda. At his sentencing hearing Serugendo expressed “sincere and profound regrets” to the “victims of the genocide perpetrated in my country Rwanda in 1994” and accepted responsibility for “my role in this unspeakable tragedy.” A copy of his Expression of Profound Regrets and his Declaration Addressed to the Rwandan People were admitted into evidence by the Trial Chamber. Serugendo was suffering from a terminal illness which was significant among the mitigating factors in his sentencing....Serugendo was arrested in Gabon on 16 September 2024 and transferred to Arusha on 23 September 2005. He entered into a plea agreement with the Prosecution on 16 February 2006. On 15 March 2006, he pleaded guilty to two counts under an amended indictment, which plea was accepted by the Chamber."

Defence Closes Case in Karera Trial (25 August 2024)

From the ICTR: "On 23 August 2006, the Defence closed its case in the trial of François Karera, the former Prefect of Kigali-Rural. Karera is charged with genocide and crimes against humanity. Hundreds of Tutsi are alleged to have been killed on the instructions or with the encouragement of the Accused in April and May 1994 in Rushashi commune, Nyamirambo sector, and Ntarama Church, all within the Kigali area. The trial began on 9 January 2024 before Trial Chamber I composed of judges Erik Møse, presiding, Sergei Alekseevich Egorov and Florence Rita Arrey. The Chamber heard 18 Prosecution witnesses and 25 Defence witnesses, including the Accused, over 33 trial days, 15 of which were half days."

EGYPT AND PALESTINE CONFIRM COMMITMENT TO THE TRIBUNAL (28 August 2024)

From the ICTR: "Dean of Arab Ambassadors in Tanzania, H.E. Ambassador Sabry Sabry, Ambassador of Egypt to Tanzania together with H.E. Yousef Habbab, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the State of Palestine visited the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) between the 22 nd and 25 th of August, 2006. During their visit they confirmed their respective country’s commitment to ensuring peace, security and stability in the Great Lakes region. Ambassador Sabry and Ambassador Habbab paid courtesy calls to the President of the Tribunal, Judge Erik Møse who addressed them on the on-going trials and the Completion Strategy. The Registrar of the Tribunal, Mr. Adama Dieng on his part thanked them for the visit and reiterated the appreciation for the support from the Arab and African countries to the Tribunal. The two Ambassadors attended court hearings in Trial Chamber I in the case of the Prosecutor vs. François Karera, former prefect of Kigali rural."

The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)

Court Schedule
Court Summary, Week Ended 4 August 2024

Case Resources:

The Civil Defence Forces (CDF) Accused

The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) Accused

The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (ARFC) Accused

Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Hearing Schedule

ICC Newsletter (July 2006)

ICC holds meeting with representatives of Iteso Cultural Leaders (24 August 2024)

Pre-Trial Chamber I receives documents containing the charges and list of evidence against Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (28 August 2024)

From the ICC: "On 28 August, in the case The Prosecutor vs. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, the Registry of the International Criminal Court (ICC) registered the document containing the charges and the list of the evidence that the Office of the Prosecutor intends to present at the confirmation hearing. The hearing is scheduled to take place on 28 September at 11 a.m. The documents will be transmitted to the judges of Pre-Trial Chamber I and to the Defence. Thomas Dyilo Lubanga, a Congolese national, is alleged to have committed the crimes of enlisting, conscripting and using children under 15 years of age to participate actively in hostilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo."

Child soldier charges in the first International Criminal Court case (28 August 2024)

From the ICC: "In his latest report on this issue, the United Nations Secretary General has reported that from January 2004 to May 2006, more than 18,000 children were released from forces and armed groups in the DRC. Thousands more have escaped on their own. Yet children remain vulnerable to new threats, including re-recruitment, and girls especially have found it extremely difficult to reintegrate into civilian life. The case against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo represents almost two years of intense, on-the-ground investigation by the Office of the Prosecutor. Scores of missions to the DRC produced multiple statements. At the confirmation hearing, the Office of the Prosecutor will unveil for the first time evidence showing that Thomas Lubanga Dyilo’s organization enlisted and forcibly recruited children into the ranks of their armed militia, and that Thomas Lubanga Dyilo was instrumental in orchestrating these activities. The Court has 60 days from the last day of the hearing to decide whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant a trial."

ICC holds workshop with local leaders in Amuria district (28 August 2024)

Statement of Fatou Bensouda, Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, at the OTP monthly media briefing (28 August 2024)

Situations & Cases:

Situation in Dafur, Sudan

• Application on behalf of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights for Variation of Time, Pursuant to Regulation 35, in respect of a Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I Inviting Observations in Application of Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (18 August 2024)
• Decision of the Registrar Appointing Mr. Hadi Shalluf as ad hoc Counsel for the Defence (25 August 2024)
• Decision on Request for Extension of Time Limit (28 August 2024)

Situation in Central African Republic

Situation in Uganda

• The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen

Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo

• The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Pre-Trial Phase)
• The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Submission of the Document Containing the Charges pursuant to Article 61(3)(a) and of the List of Evidence pursuant to Rule 121(3), 28 August 2024
• The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Annex 2 [Redacted version of Charges], 28 August 2024

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship (No. 20)

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship, a juscogens.net feature, highlights new and notable books and articles concerning public international law. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Books:

M. R. Alborzi, Evaluating the Effectiveness of International Refugee Law: The Protection of Refugees of Iraq

B.S. Chimni, Miyoshi Masahiro and Surya P. Subedi (eds.), Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 11 (2003-2004)

Malcolm Evans (ed.), International Law (2d ed.)

Christopher Greenwood, Essays on War in International Law

David Kennedy, Of War and Law

Articles:

Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Volume 20, Number 3, Spring 2006

• Cecilia M. Bailliet, ASSESSING JUS AD BELLUM AND JUS IN BELLO WITHIN THE REFUGEE STATUS DETERMINATION PROCESS: CONTEMPLATIONS ON CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS SEEKING ASYLUM
• Sara A. Rodriguez, Note, EXILE AND THE NOT-SO-LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENT: DOES INTERNATIONAL LAW REQUIRE A HUMANITARIAN WAIVER OF DEPORTATION FOR THE NON-CITIZEN CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES?

Wisconsin International Law Journal, Volume 24, Number 2, Spring 2006

• Louis E. Wolcher, The Tragic Foundations of Human Rights

International Journal of Human Rights (United Kingdom), Volume 10, Number 3, September 2006

• Phil C.W. Chan, The protection of refugees and internally displaced persons: non refoulement under customary international law?

Tax Management International Journal, Volume 35, Number 8, August 11, 2024

• John Venuti, Manal S. Corwin, and Steven R. Lainoff, Current Status of U.S. Tax Treaties and International Tax Agreements

U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2006

• M. Todd Parker, "REVIEW AND RECONSIDERATION:" IN SEARCH OF A JUST STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 36 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON CONSULAR RELATIONS

Security Council Compendium (No. 8)

Security Council Compendium, a juscogens.net feature, provides a comprehensive, concise summary of the work of the United Nations Security Council in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Security Council Resolutions

S/RES/1702 The question concerning Haiti (15 August 2024)

Synopsis of Resolution 1702: Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, Resolution 1702 extends the mandate of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) until 15 February 2007. Resolution 1702 also "decides that MINUSTAH will consist of a military component of up to 7,200 troops of all ranks and of a police component of up to 1,951 officers." Currently, MINUSTAH consists of 6,700 military personnel and 1,622 police. In addition to an increase in military and police strength, Resolution 1702 "authorizes MINUSTAH to deploy 16 correction officers seconded from Member States in support of the Government of Haiti to address the shortcomings of the prison system." Beyond the security function provided by MINUSTAH, in Resolution 1702, the Security Council also "decides that MINUSTAH, consistent with its existing mandate under resolution 1542 (2004) to assist with the restructuring and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order, will provide assistance and advice to the Haitian authorities, in consultation with relevant actors, in monitoring, restructuring, reforming and strengthening of the justice sector, including through technical assistance to review all relevant legislation, the provision of experts to serve as professional resources, the rapid identification and implementation of mechanisms to address prison overcrowding and prolonged pre-trial detention and the coordination and planning of these activities, and invites the Government of Haiti to take full advantage of that assistance."

Resolution 1702 Resources:

• United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)
• United Nations Map of Haiti
• Councils of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

Security Council Meetings

S/PV.5511 + Corrigendum 1 (11 August 2024) Middle East situation [S/RES/1701; Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5512 (15 August 2024) Timor-Leste [no action]

S/PV.5513 (15 August 2024) Haiti [S/RES/1702; Vote: 15-0-0]

Statements By Security Council President (held by Ghana August 2006)

None issued.

Statements to Press By Security Council President

None issued.

Security Council President and Secretary-General Letters

S/2006/643 (11 August 2024) Letter dated 10 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Monthly report on the operations of the Kosovo Force (KFOR), covering the period 1 to 30 June 2024)

S/2006/645 (14 August 2024) Letter dated 10 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Darfur, Sudan)

S/2006/646 (14 August 2024) Letter dated 11 August 2024 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (United Nations Iraq Account)

S/2006/647 (14 August 2024) Letter dated 12 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Israel/Lebanon - cessation of hostilities)

S/2006/656 (16 August 2024) Letter dated 14 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo)

S/2006/657 (16 August 2024) Letter dated 16 August 2024 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo)

Reports of the Secretary-General

None issued.

Security Council Monthly Programme of Work (August 2006)

2006 Archived Webcasts of Security Council Meetings

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance (No. 12)

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance, a juscogens.net feature, aims to provide timely notice of recent happenings and trial developments in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

New Developments:

Speech by H.E. Judge Rosalyn Higgins, President of the ICJ, At the 58th Session of the International Law Commission (25 July 2024)

Cases currently being heard/under deliberation:

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)

• Case Resources

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)

• Case Resources

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Overview of Court Proceedings

Overview of Court Documents

Court Schedule

ICTY Weekly Press Briefing (16 August 2024)

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Daily Journal

Daily Case Minutes

Judicial Calendar

ICTR Newsletter (June/July 2006)

Latest Decisions

The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)

Court Schedule (Court Recess 7-18 August)

Court Summary, Week Ended 4 August 2024

Case Resources:

• The Civil Defence Forces (CDF) Accused
• The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) Accused
• The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (ARFC) Accused
• Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Hearing Schedule

ICC Newsletter (July 2006)

New Developments:

Statement by the Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo on the reported death of Raska Lukwiya (14 August 2024)

From the ICC, "Raska Lukwiya has been named in an ICC warrant of arrest charging him with crimes against humanity and war crimes. Lukwiya is alleged to have served in the inner circle of Joseph Kony's highest commanders in the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). Lukwiya functioned as Army Commander in early 2004, a period during which the LRA was perpetrating its most deadly attacks upon the civilian population of Northern Uganda. He has been charged on; One count of crimes against humanity-enslavement and three counts of war crimes -cruel treatment of civilians and intentionally directing an attack against a civilian population-pillaging[.] The Ugandan Government is in the process of confirming the identity of the body believed to be that of Raska Lukwiya, and the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC will, if requested, lend support in this effort."

Situations & Cases:

Situation in Dafur, Sudan

Situation in Central African Republic

Situation in Uganda

• The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen
• Submission of Information Regarding Raska Lukwiya (14 August 2024)

Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo

• The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Pre-Trial Phase)
• Decision inviting the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Victims in the case to comment on the Proceedings pursuant to Article 19 of the Statute (11 August 2024)
• Decision on the Applications for Participation in the Proceedings of a/0001/06, a/0002/06 and a/0003/06 in the case of the Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and of the investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (16 August 2024)

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship (No. 19)

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship, a juscogens.net feature, highlights new and notable books and articles concerning public international law. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Books:

Jaap Doek, Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , Volume 8 Articles 8-9

Maria Rita Saulle & Flaminia Kojanec (eds.), The Rights of the Child: International Instruments

Fernando R. Teson, International Humanitarian Law: Prospects

United Nations, Chemical Weapons Convention, The: Implementation, Challenges and Opportunities

Articles:

George Washington International Law Review, Volume 38, Number 3, 2006

Sean D. Murphy, Foreword--Lawyers and Wars: A Symposium Issue in Honor of Edward R. Cummings

• John B. Bellinger, II, Introductory Remarks
• W. Hays Parks, Means and Methods of Warfare
• Michael Matheson, Continuity and Change in the Law of War: 1975 to 2005: Detainees and POWs
• Dinah PoKempner, The "New" Non-State Actors in International Humanitarian Law
• Jane E. Stromseth, New Paradigms for the Jus ad Bellum?
• Steven Solomon, Internal Conflicts: Dilemmas and Developments
• David Kaye, The Legal Bureaucracy and the Law of War
• David Abramowitz, Taking the Bull By the Horns: Congress and International Humanitarian Law
• Sir Franklin Berman, QC, What do We Expect of Lawyers in Armed Conflict?
• Honorable Tom Lantos, House of Representatives: In Memory of Edward R. Cummings

Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 29, Number 4, April 2006

• Philip V. Tisne, Note, THE ICJ AND MUNICIPAL LAW: THE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT OF THE AVENA AND LAGRAND DECISIONS IN U.S. COURTS

International Organizations Law Review (Netherlands), Volume 3, Number 1, 2006

• Wessel, Ramses A, Editorial: The UN, the EU and Jus Cogens
• Amerasinghe, C.F., The Conundrum of Recourse to Force To Protect Persons
• Raab, Dominic, The International Criminal Court and the Separation of Powers
• O'Connell, Mary Ellen, A Note on UN v. Parton

Gonzaga Journal of International Law, Volume 10, Issue 1, 2006-2007

Symposium held on February 17-18, 2006 at the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle, Washington, in conjunction with Amnesty International USA.

• William J. Aceves and Vienna Colucci, Symposium Introduction
• Lisa Mantel, Fulfilling the Legacy: International Justice 60 Years After Nuremberg
• John Shattuck, The Legacy of Nuremberg: Confronting Genocide and Terrorism Through the Rule of Law
• David Matas, From Nuremburg To Rome: Tracing The Legacy Of The Nuremburg Trials
• Naomi Roht-Arriaza, The Complex Architecture Of International Justice
• Matt Eisenbrandt, Justice Through Litigation: The Center For Justice And Accountability
• Sita Balthazar, Gender Crimes And The International Criminal Tribunals
• Susana SàCouto, Advances And Missed Opportunities In The International Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes
• Joseph Margulies, The Right To A Fair Trial In The War On Terror
• Richard J. Wilson, Military Commissions In Guantanamo Bay: Giving "Full And Fair Trial" A Bad Name
• Margaret Satterthwaite, Extraordinary Rendition And Disappearances In The "War On Terror"
• Richard Herz, Text Of Remarks: Corporate Alien Tort Liability And The Legacy Of Nuremburg
• Susan Burke, Accountability For Corporate Complicity In Torture

Journal of the History of International Law (Netherlands), Volume 8, Number 1, June 2006

• Scott Andrew Keefer, Building the palace of peace: The Hague Conference of 1899 and arms control in the progressive era
• Toyoda Tetsuya, L'aspect universaliste du droit international européen du 19ème siècle et le statut juridique de la Turquie avant 1856
• Bruno Arcidiacono, "Non par la guerre, à la manière des sauvages": Kant et l'avènement de l'état de droit entre les nations
• Randall Lesaffer, Defensive warfare, prevention and hegemony. The justifications for the Franco-Spanish war of 1635 (Part I)

Hague Yearbook of International Law (Netherlands), 2005, Volume 18

• INEKE VAN BLADEL, The Iron Rhine Arbitration Case: On the Right Legal Track?: An Analysis of the Award and of its Relation to the Law of the European Community
• CARLOS ESPALIÚ BERDUD, The Universality of the Work of the International Court of Justice
• AGNIESZKA SZPAK, A Few Reflections on the Interpretation of Treaties in Public International Law

Journal of Human Rights (United Kingdom), Volume 5, Number 3, July-September 2006

• Eric A. Heinze, Maximizing Human Security: A Utilitarian Argument for Humanitarian Intervention
• Costas Douzinas, Postmodern Just Wars and the New World Order

Security Council Compendium (No. 7)

Security Council Compendium, a juscogens.net feature, provides a comprehensive, concise summary of the work of the United Nations Security Council in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Security Council Resolutions

S/RES/1699 (2006) General issues relating to sanctions (8 August 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1699: The preamble to Resolution 1699 recognizes the "increased cooperation between the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) and the Committee established pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) (the “1267 Committee”)."[1] This cooperation being a product of Resolution 1617 (2005). Resolution 1699's preamble also notes "that such cooperation with Interpol could also benefit the other sanctions committees established by the Security Council (the “Committees”)" and "that Security Council sanctions measures are often implemented under national law, including criminal law where applicable, and that enhanced cooperation between the United Nations and Interpol would enhance States’ enforcement of those laws." Accordingly, Resolution 1699 requests the Secretary-General "to take the necessary steps to increase cooperation between the United Nations and Interpol in order to provide the Committees with better tools, to fulfil their mandates more effectively, and to give Member States better optional tools to implement those measures adopted by the Security Council and monitored by the Committees." Additionally, Resolution 1699 "encourages Member States to use the tools offered by Interpol, particularly the I-24/7 global police communications system, to reinforce the implementation of such measures and similar measures that may be adopted by the Security Council in the future."

[1] Resolution 1267 established a committee to implement the directives and provide reports concerning the mandates created by Resolution 1267. Resolution 1267 insists that the Taliban "comply promptly with [the Security Council's] previous resolutions and in particular cease the provision of sanctuary and training for international terrorists and their organizations, take appropriate effective measures to ensure that the territory under its control is not used for terrorist installations and camps, or for the preparation or organization of terrorist acts against other States or their citizens, and cooperate with efforts to bring indicted terrorists to justice." Resolution 1267 also "demands that the Taliban turn over Usama bin Laden without further delay to appropriate authorities in a country where he has been indicted, or to appropriate authorities in a country where he will be returned to such a country, or to appropriate authorities in a country where he will be arrested and effectively brought to justice." The specific measures provided by Resolution 1267 include a ban on Taliban owned or operated flights in all States and a freeze on Taliban funds and resources.

S/RES/1700 (2006) The situation concerning Iraq (10 August 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1700: The preamble to Resolution 1700 recalls "the establishment of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) on 14 August 2003, the mandate of which was extended most recently on 11 August 2005, and reaffirm[s] that the United Nations should play a leading role in assisting the efforts of the Iraqi people and Government in strengthening institutions for representative government, and in promoting national dialogue and unity." Resolution 1700's preamble also "welcomes the request conveyed in the letter of 3 August 2024 from the Foreign Minister of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2006/609), expressing the view of the constitutionally elected Government of Iraq that there continues to be a vital role for UNAMI in assisting Iraqi efforts to build a productive and prosperous nation at peace with itself and its neighbours." Resolution 1700 "decides to extend the mandate of [UNAMI] for another period of twelve months" and "expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq."

S/RES/1701 (2006) The situation in the Middle East (11 August 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1701: Preamble: In the preamble of Resolution 1701, the Security Council "express[es] its utmost concern at the continuing escalation of hostilities in Lebanon and in Israel since Hezbollah's attack on Israel on 12 July 2006, which has already caused hundreds of deaths and injuries on both sides, extensive damage to civilian infrastructure and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons." The Security Council, in the preamble, also emphasizes "the need for an end of violence, but at the same time emphasising the need to address urgently the causes that have given rise to the current crisis, including by the unconditional release of the abducted Israeli soldiers." The body of Resolution 1701 contains four main parts: 1) a call for the cessation of hostilities, 2) criteria for a permanent cease-fire, 3) the expansion of UNIFIL and its responsibilities, and 4) and an arms/training embargo to any individual in Lebanon, excluding the government of Lebanon and UNIFIL.

        1) Resolution 1701 "calls for a full cessation of hostilities based upon, in particular, the immediate cessation by Hezbollah of all attacks and the immediate cessation by Israel of all offensive military operations." Upon cessation of hostilities, Resolution 1701 calls upon the Lebanese government and UNIFIL "to deploy their forces together throughout the South and calls upon the government of Israel, as that deployment begins, to withdraw all of its forces from southern Lebanon in parallel."[1] After reiterating the Security Council's support of the Blue Line and "the territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized borders, as contemplated by the Israeli-Lebanese General Armistice Agreement of 23 March 1949," Resolution 1701 asks "the international community to take immediate steps to extend its financial and humanitarian assistance to the Lebanese people, including through facilitating the safe return of displaced persons."

        2) Next, Resolution 1701 calls upon Israel and Lebanon "to support a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution based on the following principles and elements:

• Full respect for the Blue Line by both parties;
• security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani river of an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the government of Lebanon and of UNIFIL as authorised in paragraph 11, deployed in this area;
• Full implementation of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords, and of resolutions 1559 (2004) and 1680 (2006), that require the disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon, so that, pursuant to the Lebanese cabinet decision of July 27, 2006, there will be no weapons or authority in Lebanon other than that of the Lebanese state;
• No foreign forces in Lebanon without the consent of its government;
• No sales or supply of arms and related materiel to Lebanon except as authorized by its government;
• Provision to the United Nations of all remaining maps of land mines in Lebanon in Israel's possession

Resolution 1701 also "requests the secretary general to develop...proposals to implement the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords, and resolutions 1559 (2004) and 1680 (2006), including disarmament, and for delineation of the international borders of Lebanon...and to present to the Security Council those proposals within 30 days."

        3) Additionally, Resolution 1701 authorizes an increase in the force strength of UNIFIL to a maximum of 15,000 troops "in order to supplement and enhance the force in numbers, equipment, mandate and scope of operations."[2] Resolution 1701 provides UNIFIL with new responsibilities, in addition to its original mandate, including to:

• Monitor the cessation of hostilities;
• Accompany and support the Lebanese armed forces;
• Coordinate its activities with the government of Lebanon and the government of Israel;
• Extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons;
• Assist the government of Lebanon, at its request, "to secure its borders and other entry points to prevent the entry in Lebanon without its consent of arms or related materiel."

        4) Resolution 1701 also decides "that all states shall take the necessary measures to prevent, by their nationals or from their territories or using their flag vessels or aircraft; a. the sale or supply to any entity or individual in Lebanon of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, whether or not originating in their territories, and; b. the provision to any entity or individual in Lebanon of any technical training or assistance related to the provision, manufacture, maintenance or use of the items listed in subparagraph (a) above, except that these prohibitions shall not apply to arms, related material, training or assistance authorised by the government of Lebanon or by Unifil."

        Administratively, Resolution 1701 extends the UNIFIL mandate until 31 August 2024 and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council within one week on the implementation of Resolution 1701.

[1] "UNIFIL" is the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. See http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/. UNIFIL provides an excellent map of its operational territory, including positions and posts.
[2] As of 30 June 2024 UNIFIL consisted of 1,990 troops and approximately 50 military observers. See http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/facts.html.

Security Council Meetings

S/PV.5505 (7 August 2024) Côte d'Ivoire [S/PRST/2006/37]

S/PV.5506 (closed) (8 August 2024) Meeting with countries contributing troops to the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti [Communiqué]

S/PV.5507 (8 August 2024) General issues relating to sanctions [S/RES/1699 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5508 (8 August 2024) Middle East situation [no action]

S/PV.5509 (9 August 2024) West Africa [S/PRST/2006/38]

S/PV.5510 (10 August 2024) Iraq [S/RES/1700 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

Statements By Security Council President (held by Ghana August 2006)

S/PRST/2006/37 ( 7 August 2024) The situation in Côte d’Ivoire

S/PRST/2006/38 (9 August 2024) Peace consolidation in West Africa

Statements to Press By Security Council President

None issued.

Security Council President and Secretary-General Letters

S/2006/624 (8 August 2024) Letter dated 7 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Democratic Republic of the Congo - Group of Experts)

S/2006/626 (7 August 2024) Letter dated 7 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (The situation in Qana pursuant to presidential statement (S/PRST/2006/35))

Reports of the Secretary-General

S/2006/628 (8 August 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on Timor-Leste pursuant to Security Council resolution 1690 (2006)

Security Council Monthly Programme of Work (August 2006)

2006 Archived Webcasts of Security Council Meetings

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance (No. 11)

International Courts & Tribunals at a Glance, a juscogens.net feature, aims to provide timely notice of recent happenings and trial developments in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

New Developments:

Proceedings instituted by Djibouti against France (Djibouti v. France) (10 August 2024)

• "The French Republic consents to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice to entertain an Application filed against France by the Republic of Djibouti: The Court enters the new case in its List"
• Summary: On 9 August 2006, the French Republic consented to the jurisdiction of the ICJ pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the ICJ Rules. The pertinent portion of Article 38 states: "When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction of the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by the State against which such application is made, the application shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which such application is made consents to the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of the case." On 9 January 2006, the Republic of Djibouti filed an Application against France with the ICJ. See Rules of Court, Article 38, par. 1-4. According to the ICJ, Djibouti’s Application concerns “the refusal by the French governmental and judicial authorities to execute an international letter rogatory regarding the transmission to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the investigation in the ‘Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel." Specifically, "Djibouti maintains that the refusal constitutes a violation of France’s international obligations under the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation signed by the two States on 27 June 2024 and the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti, dated 27 September 1986. Djibouti further asserts that, in summoning certain internationally protected nationals of Djibouti, including the Head of State, as témoins assistés [legally represented witnesses] in connection with a criminal complaint for subornation of perjury against X in the Borrel case, France has violated its obligation to prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dignity of persons enjoying such protection."
• Case Resources

Cases currently being heard/under deliberation:

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)

• Case Resources

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)

• Case Resources

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Overview of Court Proceedings

Overview of Court Documents

Court Schedule

ICTY Weekly Press Briefing (9 August 2024)

New Developments:

Trials Against 24 Accused To Continue After Summer Recess (4 August 2024)

From the ICTY: "Following the close of the summer recess, court proceedings will recommence next Monday, 7 August 2006. For the first time in its history, the Tribunal is holding trials against 24 accused concurrently. Cases against 14 individuals are currently on appeal while another 22 accused are in pre-trial. Proceedings against 93 persons have concluded to date, while six accused, including Ratko Mladic and Radovan Karadzic, remain at large."

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Daily Journal

Daily Case Minutes

Judicial Calendar

ICTR Newsletter (June/July 2006)

New Developments:

Nchamihigo Trial to Begin on 25 September 2023 (7 August 2024)

From the ICTR, "The trial of Siméon Nchamihigo, 46, former Deputy Prosecutor in Cyangugu prefecture is to begin on 25 September 2006. The date was set during a status conference today presided by Judge Charles Michael Dennis Byron. Nchamihigo had earlier pleaded not guilty to an amended indictment charging him with four counts of genocide, murder, extermination and other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity. In the new indictment the charge of crimes against humanity has been split into two counts, murder and extermination. The charge of violations of the Geneva Conventions has been redrawn and replaced by the count of other inhumane acts. The accused, who was also Secretary for the Coalition pour la Défence de la République (CDR) in Cyangugu prefecture in 1994, is alleged to have been responsible for planning, instigating, ordering, committing, or otherwise aiding and abetting the killings of Tutsi in his prefecture. In the new indictment read before Judge Byron Nchamihigo is alleged to have ordered or instigated one Interahamwe to kill one Tutsi by covering him with his own mattress, poured fuel into the mattress and burnt him. Nchamihigo is also said to have ordered or instigated Interahamwe to kill members of one Tutsi family by burning them in their own car."

Latest Decisions

The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)

Court Schedule

Court Summary, Week Ended 4 August 2024

Case Resources:

• The Civil Defence Forces (CDF) Accused
• The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) Accused
• The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (ARFC) Accused
• Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor 

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Hearing Schedule

ICC Newsletter (July 2006)

Situations & Cases:

Situation in Dafur, Sudan

Situation in Central African Republic

Situation in Uganda

• The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen

Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo

• The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Docket

List of Cases

Permanent Court of Arbitration

Recent and Pending Cases

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship (No. 18)

This Week in Public International Law Scholarship, a juscogens.net feature, highlights new and notable books and articles concerning public international law. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Books:

Roberta Arnold, Geert-Jan G. J. Knoops & Alexander Knoops, Peace Support Operations & Their Legal Implications

Anthony Arnull , The European Court of Justice (Oxford European Community Law Library)

Bill Bowring, The Degradation of the International Legal Order? The Rehabilitation of Law and the Possibility of Politics

Aldo Chircop, Scott Coffen-smout & Moira McConnell (eds.), Ocean Yearbook 20

Andrew F. Cooper & Thomas Legler, Intervention Without Intervening?: The OAS Defense and Promotion of Democracy in the Americas

David Freestone, Richard Barnes, and David Ong (eds.), The Law of the Sea: Progress and Prospects

Frank Hoffmeister, Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan and EU Accession (Nijhoff Law Specials)

John Janzekovic, The Use of Force in Humanitarian Intervention: Morality And Practicalities

Alexander Orakhelashvili, Peremptory Norms in International Law (Oxford Monographs in International Law)

Steven D. Roper & Lilian A. Barria, Designing Criminal Tribunals: Sovereignty And International Concerns in the Protection of Human Rights

Burns H. Weston, International Law & World Order: A Problem-oriented Coursebook

Patricia Wouters (ed.), Codification and Progressive Development of International Water Law: The Work of the International Law Commission of the United Nations (International and National Water Law and Policy, 2)

Articles:

Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2006

• Shadi Mokhtari, Human Rights in the Post-September 11th Era: Between Hegemony and Emancipation

International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law (Netherlands), Volume 21, Number 2, June 2006

• Gerard J. Mangone, Marine boundaries: States and the United States
• Christopher C. Joyner and Kelly Zack Walters, The Caspian conundrum: Reflections on the interplay between law, the environment and geopolitics
• Guifang Xue, Improved fisheries co-operation: Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement for the Gulf of Tonkin
• Elizabeth A. Kirk and Harriet M. Silfverberg, Harmonisation in the Baltic Sea Region

Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 46, Number 2, Winter 2006

• Hannah L. Buxbaum, Transnational Regulatory Litigation
• Patricia M. Wald, International Criminal Courts--A Stormy Adolescence
• Susy Frankel, WTO Application of "the Customary Rules of Interpretation of Public International Law" to Intellectual Property

Kentucky Law Journal, Volume 94, Number 4, 2005-2006

INTERNATIONAL LAW SYMPOSIUM

• Kirk A. Randazzo, WHEN LIBERTY AND SECURITY COLLIDE: FOREIGN POLICY LITIGATION AND THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY

International Review of the Red Cross (Switzerland), Volume 88, Number 861, March 2006

International Criminal Tribunals

• Toni Pfanner, Interview with Philippe Kirsch, President of the International Criminal Court
• Pierre Hazan, Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness: a framework for evaluating transitional justice
• Robin Geiß and Noëmie Bulinckx, International and internationalized criminal tribunals: a synopsis
• Hortensia D. T. Gutierrez Posse, The relationship between international humanitarian law and the international criminal tribunals
• Zhu Wenqi, On co-operation by states not party to the International Criminal Court
• Jamie A. Williamson, An overview of the international criminal jurisdictions operating in Africa
• Luc Côté, International criminal justice: tightening up the rules of the game
• Ivo Josipovic, Responsibility for war crimes before national courts in Croatia
• Anne-Marie La Rosa, Humanitarian organizations and international criminal tribunals, or trying to square the circle

Cornell International Law Journal, Volume 39, Number 2, 2006

• Zoe Pearson, Non-Governmental Organizations and the International Criminal Court: Changing Landscapes of International Law
• William K. Agyebeng, Note, Theory in Search of Practice: The Right of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea

Security Council Compendium (No. 6)

Security Council Compendium, a juscogens.net feature, provides a comprehensive, concise summary of the work of the United Nations Security Council in an organized, central location and an unbiased, objective manner. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected].

Security Council Resolutions

S/RES/1694 (2006) The situation in Liberia (13 July 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1694: A Chapter VII Resolution, in Resolution 1694, the Security Council "decides to increase the authorized size of [the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL's)] civilian police component by 125, and to decrease the authorized size of UNMIL’s military component by 125, from the current authorized levels."

S/RES/1695 (2006) Letter dated 4 July 2024 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2006/481) (15 July 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1695: After a preamble describing the recent ballistic missile firings by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), the DPRK missile firing "into the waters in the vicinity of Japan on 31 August 1998," and the "DPRK’s announcement of withdrawal from the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons," the Security Council presents Resolution 1695 "under its special responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security" (N.B., no invocation of Chapter VII). Resolution 1695 "condemns" the recent missile firings by the DPRK and "demands that the DPRK suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme, and in this context re-establish its pre-existing commitments to a moratorium on missile launching." Resolution 1695 also "requires" Member States "to exercise vigilance and prevent missile and missile-related items, materials, goods and technology being transferred to DPRK’s missile or WMD programmes" and "to exercise vigilance and prevent the procurement of missiles or missile related-items, materials, goods and technology from the DPRK, and the transfer of any financial resources in relation to DPRK’s missile or WMD programmes." Resolution 1695 also urges the DPRK to return to the Six-Party Talks "without precondition."

S/RES/1696 (2006) Non-proliferation (31 July 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1696: After a lengthy preamble, which includes a description of the non-compliance of Iran with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) directives, the Security Council presents Resolution 1696 under the auspices of Article 40, Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Resolution 1696 calls upon Iran "to take the steps required by the IAEA Board of Governors," demands "that Iran shall suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and development, to be verified by the IAEA," and "calls upon all States, in accordance with their national legal authorities and legislation and consistent with international law, to exercise vigilance and prevent the transfer of any items, materials, goods and technology that could contribute to Iran’s enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and ballistic missile programmes." Resolution 1696 also requests a report from the Director General of the IAEA by August 31 "on whether Iran has established full and sustained suspension of all activities mentioned in this resolution, as well as on the process of Iranian compliance with all the steps required by the IAEA Board." Additionally, in Resolution 1696, the Security Council "expresses its intention, in the event that Iran has not by that date complied with this resolution, then to adopt appropriate measures under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations to persuade Iran to comply with this resolution and the requirements of the IAEA, and underlines that further decisions will be required should such additional measures be necessary."

S/RES/1697 (2006) The situation in the Middle East (31 July 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1697: After examining the Secretary-General's report of 22 July 2024 on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), Resolution 1697 "urges all concerned parties to abide scrupulously by their obligation to respect the safety of UNIFIL and other United Nations personnel, and avoid any course of action which might endanger United Nations personnel, and calls on them to allow the Force to resupply its positions, conduct search and rescue operations on behalf of its personnel and undertake any other measures the Force deems necessary to ensure the safety of its personnel." Resolution 1697 also extends the mandate of UNIFIL until 31 August 2006.

S/RES/1698 (2006) The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (31 July 2024)

• Synopsis of Resolution 1698: Acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, Resolution 1698 reaffirms and renews several measures found in Resolutions 1493, 1596, 1649, and 1654. The renewed portions of Resolution 1493 include an arms and military training embargo "to all foreign and Congolese armed groups and militias operating in the territory of North and South Kivu and of Ituri, and to groups not party to the Global and All-inclusive agreement, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Resolutions 1596 and 1649 amend and expand this general prohibition found in Resolution 1493. Resolution 1698 also extends the mandate of the "Group of Experts" established by Resolution 1533 until 31 July 2007. Resolution 1698 reiterates the oversight and analysis function of the Group of Experts "to examine and analyse information gathered by the United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) in the context of its monitoring mandate" and "gather and analyse all relevant information in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, countries of the region and, as necessary, in other countries, in cooperation with the governments of those countries, flows of arms and related materiel, as well as networks operating in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 20 of resolution 1493." Additionally, Resolution 1698 requests that the Group of Experts' next report provide "feasible and effective measures the Council might impose to prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources financing armed groups and militias in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including through a certificate of origin regime." Lastly, Resolution 1698 extends the prohibition found in Resolution 1493, and expanded by Resolution 1596, to "political and military leaders recruiting or using children in armed conflict in violation of applicable international law" and "individuals committing serious violations of international law involving the targeting of children in situations of armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual violence, abduction and forced displacement." The additional measures found in Resolution 1596 enable the freezing of all assets of such individuals.

Security Council Meetings

S/PV.5483 (closed) (11 July 2024) Georgia [Communiqué]

S/PV.5484 (12 July 2024) Peace and security--terrorist acts [S/PRST/2006/30]

S/PV.5485 (closed) (13 July 2024) Kosovo (Serbia) [Communiqué]

S/PV.5486 (13 July 2024) Somalia [S/PRST/2006/31]

S/PV.5487 (13 July 2024) Liberia [S/RES/1694 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5488 (13 July 2024) Middle East situation, including the Palestinian question [Draft resolution S/2006/508; vetoed by USA 10-1-4]

S/PV.5489 (14 July 2024) Middle East situation [no action]

S/PV.5490 (15 July 2024) Democratic People's Republic of Korea [S/RES/1695 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5491 (19 July 2024) Côte d'Ivoire [S/PRST/2006/32]

S/PV.5492 (20 July 2024) Middle East situation [no action]

S/PV.5493 (21 July 2024) Middle East situation, including the Palestinian question [no action]

S/PV.5493 (Resumption 1; 21 July 2024) Middle East situation, including the Palestinian question [no action]

S/PV.5494 (24 July 2024) Children and armed conflict [S/PRST/2006/33]

S/PV.5494 (Resumption 1; 24 July 2024) Children and armed conflict [no action]

S/PV.5495 (closed) (25 July 2024) Meeting with countries contributing troops to the UN Interim Force in Lebanon [Communiqué]

S/PV.5496 (closed) (26 July 2024) Afghanistan [Communiqué]

S/PV.5497 (27 July 2024) Middle East situation [S/PRST/2006/34]

S/PV.5498 (30 July 2024) Middle East situation [no action]

S/PV.5499 (30 July 2024) Middle East situation [S/PRST/2006/35]

S/PV.5500 (31 July 2024) Non-proliferation [S/RES/1696 (2006); Vote: 14-1-0]

S/PV.5501 (31 July 2024) Middle East situation [S/RES/1697 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5502 (31 July 2024) Democratic Republic of the Congo [S/RES/1698 (2006); Vote: 15-0-0]

S/PV.5503 (31 July 2024) Middle East situation [no action]

S/PV.5504 (3 August 2024) Democratic Republic of the Congo [S/PRST/2006/36]

Statements By Security Council President (held by France July 2006 and Ghana August 2006)

S/PRST/2006/30 (12 July 2024) Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts

S/PRST/2006/31 (13 July 2024) The situation in Somalia

S/PRST/2006/32 (19 July 2024) The situation in Côte d’Ivoire

S/PRST/2006/33 (24 July 2024) Children and armed conflict

S/PRST/2006/34 (27July 2006) The situation in the Middle East

S/PRST/2006/35 (30 July 2024) The situation in the Middle East

S/PRST/2006/36 (3 August 2024) The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Statements to Press By Security Council President

SC/8777 (14 July 2024) DISPATCH OF MIDDLE EAST TEAM

(19 July 2024) SECURITY COUNCIL’S INFORMAL WORKING GROUP ON DOCUMENTATION AND OTHER PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS

SC/8783 (20 July 2024) GUINEA-BISSAU

SC/8786 (26 July 2024) CÔTE D’IVOIRE

SC/8787 (26 July 2024) AFGHANISTAN

Security Council President and Secretary-General Letters

S/2006/510 (12 July 2024) Letter dated 10 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Note by the Secretary-General on arrangements for terminating the operations relating to the letters of credit raised against the United Nations Iraq Account under Security Council resolution 1483 (2003 - Update to the letter dated 19 December 2023 addressed to the President of the Security Council)

S/2006/516 (12 July 2024) Letter dated 12 July 2024 addressed to the President of the Security Council by the Secretary-General (Yamoussoukro High-level Meeting on Côte d’Ivoire convened by the United Nations Secretary-General, 5 July 2024 - Communiqué/Chairman’s Statement)

S/2006/539 (19 July 2024) Letter dated 14 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Special Representative for Georgia and Head of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)

S/2006/540 (19 July 2024) Letter dated 19 July 2024 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (Special Representative for Georgia and Head of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)

S/2006/541 (19 July 2024) Letter dated 14 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Commissioner of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to resolution 1595 (2005))

S/2006/542 (19 July 2024) Letter dated 19 July 2024 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (Commissioner of the International Independent Investigation Commission established pursuant to resolution 1595 (2005))

S/2006/572 (25 July 2024) Letter dated 25 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Cyprus - "Set of Principles” and “Decision by the two leaders”, signed by Tassos Papadopoulos and Mehmet Ali Talat, in Nicosia on 8 July 2006, in the presence of Mr. Ibrahim Gambari, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs)

S/2006/574 (26 July 2024) Letter dated 24 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Monthly report on the operations of the Kosovo Force (KFOR), covering the period 1 to 31 May 2024)

S/2006/584 (27 July 2024) Letter dated 26 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (International Working Group on Côte d’Ivoire - 9th ministerial meeting, Abidjan, 20 July 2024 - Final communiqué)

S/2006/586 (28 July 2024) Letter dated 25 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH))

S/2006/587 (28 July 2024) Letter dated 28 July 2024 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH))

S/2006/595 (29 July 2024) Letter dated 29 July 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Lebanon)

S/2006/601 (1 August 2024) Letter dated 1 August 2024 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI))

Reports of the Secretary-General http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep06.htm

S/2006/478 (29 June 2024) Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to resolutions 1653 (2006) and 1663 (2006)

S/2006/487 (6 July 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on developments in Guinea-Bissau and on the activities of the United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in that country

S/2006/532 (17 July 2024) Ninth progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire

S/2006/560 (21 July 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (For the period from 21 January 2024 to 18 July 2024)

S/2006/580 (26 July 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on justice and reconciliation for Timor-Leste

S/2006/591 (28 July 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on Darfur

S/2006/592 (28 July 2024) Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

Security Council Monthly Programme of Work (August 2006)

2006 Archived Webcasts of Security Council Meetings